An Effective Policy to Deter Fighting in School

An Effective Policy to Deter Fighting in School An issue that many school administrators face on a constant basis is fighting in school. Fighting has become a dangerous epidemic in many schools across the country.   Students often engage in this barbaric practice to prove toughness rather than attempting to settle a dispute peacefully.   A fight will draw a quick audience, who without considering the potential ramifications see it as entertainment.   Anytime rumors of a fight emerge you can bet that a large crowd will follow suit.   The audience often becomes the driving force behind a fight when one or both of the parties involved are reluctant. The following policy is designed to prevent and discourage students from getting into a physical altercation. The consequences are direct and severe so that any student thinks about their actions before choosing to fight.   No policy will eliminate every fight. As a school administrator, you must take every precaution to ensure that you make students hesitate before taking that dangerous step. Fighting Fighting is unacceptable for any reason at Any Where Public Schools and will not be tolerated. A fight is defined as a physical altercation occurring between two or more students. The physical nature of a fight could include but is not limited to hitting, punching, slapping, poking, grabbing, pulling, tripping, kicking, and pinching. Any student who engages in such actions as defined above will be issued a citation for disorderly conduct by a local police officer and could be taken to jail. Any Where Public Schools will recommend that battery charges be filed against such individuals and that the student answer to the Any Where County Juvenile Court System. In addition, that student will be suspended indefinitely from all school related activities, for ten days. It will be left up to the administrator’s discretion as to whether an individual’s participation in a fight will be considered self-defense. If the administrator deems the actions as self-defense, then a lesser punishment will be issued to that participant. Fighting - Recording a Fight The act of recording/videoing a fight between other students is not permitted. If a student is caught recording a fight with their cell phones, then the following disciplinary procedures will be followed: The phone will be confiscated until the end of the current school year at which time it will be returned to the student’s parents upon their request. The video will be deleted from the cell phone. The person responsible for recording the fight will be suspended out-of-school for three days. In addition, anyone who is caught forwarding the video to other students/persons will be: Suspended for an additional three days. Finally, any student who posts the video on YouTube, Facebook, or any other social networking page, will be suspended for the remainder to the current school year.

Romanticism and Poetry essays

Romanticism and Poetry essays Until the early nineteenth century, art and poetry emphasized form and structure. Works of art in this classical style aspired to an idealized perfection, whether in form or subject. Classical paintings often depicted gods or war heroes in idealized poses, while examples classical poetry extolled the epitomes of virtue, whether in areas such as beauty or bravery in battle. The most important characteristic shared by art and literature until this period, however, was its orientation to rationalism, the noticeable absence of emotion. The mid-nineteenth century, however, brought on a rebellion against the restraints and strictures of classicism. Instead of posed heroic portraits, paintings began to show nature in its raw state, without idealization. Literary imagery was meant to evoke strong emotion. Dubbed romanticism, this new art movement showed a range of feeling, from passion to melancholia. This paper looks at examples of poetry and art that typify the romantic art movement. It looks at how the seascapes of John Constable and the poetry of William Blake both embody important characteristics of the romantic art movement, especially in regard to portrayals of nature. The paper also expounds on how these works of art and literature highlight emotion, in the tradition of the romantic art movement. John Constable grew up surrounded by the countryside of Suffolk, England, which later figured prominently in his paintings. His paintings of countrysides and later, seascapes, were characterized by great care shown to details that would not merit attention from classical painters. In 1815's Boat-building near Flatford Mill, for example, Constable's subjects are working-class people engaged in the everyday task of assembling a boat. This is a significant departure from the mythology or idealized battle scenes that typified the classical period. The painting is dominated by an inanimate object a boat instead of the hero...

OH&S-Hazard audit & control Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

OH&S-Hazard audit & control - Essay Example The precautions to avoid accidents should be taken and the long time effects on the health of the employees need to be avoided. 1.1 Fork lifts: The tools and machinery used in the warehouse are capable of causing injury through accidents. The conveyors, forklifts, scissor lifts, stacker cranes and overhead gantry may result in falls, entrapment in moving parts, falling or objects, collapsing stacks and dislodgement in machine parts. The machinery involved in the ware house can be a danger to the health of the employee, if it is not designed to be safe, not well made, not properly guarded, not well maintained, used in different conditions than it was meant for, illegal modification and the conditions like the operator not supervising the or not able to concentrate for any reason. The occupational health and safety laws in Australia will cover the hazards that are associated with tools, equipment and machinery in the work place. Some states in the country and territories do have problem specific regulations. These are capable of minimizing the plant hazards. The employer must assure that tools and equipment ar e safe. If the machinery used is the old one, it may cause break down. The people or the companies who design, manufacture, sell and install the machinery have to make sure that they design safe tools and working conditions for the workers according to the Australia. The employees too need to show the responsibility according to the state or territory government laws. They should follow the operating procedures given by the employer. These procedures are generally supplied to the employees by the representative of the employer in the form of supervisor or manager. The employee should behave in ways that are safe, which are provided by employer and can avoid danger to health and safety due to machinery. The employee should report to the manager in case of detection of problems regarding the fork lifts and machinery. The company has to follow the strategies of reducing risk. Checking the plant for probability of causing an accident is necessary as it can affect the people's health. This is known as identifying the hazard. In case of fork lifts, the machinery involved should be checked by employee and super visor everyday for symptoms of causing hazards. This is possible from making out the situation about the probability of danger happening. The measures should be taken to avoid them also need to be drafted. When it was found that the fork lift is not in a position to work according to safety conditions, it should be turned off till it was repaired. Every day the supervisor should assess the machines with the employees about their working condition. The changes made to prevent any accident or health affect are known as the measures taken for controlling the risk. The regular monitoring of the methods is needed to protect the people from accidents or health problems. This will be very effective as the regular checking will expose any faults present in the methods involved.

Law of Evidence Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Law of Evidence - Essay Example Evidence from the central cog around which all cases are based upon and in many cases the facts must align with all other circumstances in order for the case to be successful. In Goldsmith v Sandilands (2002) 76 ALJR 1024 (HCA), it was held that evidence is admissible generally only if it proves a fact under determination or a fact relevant to the case. In the past, the law of evidence was based on witness statements and other circumstantial evidence such as tools of crime, for example a gun or a knife found in possession of the culprit. These form the evidential component of the case which when put together with the law, the case become valid. In modern times, evidence has gained more legitimacy in courts of law as they form the basis around which many cases are established. In modern judicial jurisprudence, evidence from both sides of an adversarial system is weighed against each other and a final determination is undertaken based on the outcome of this comparison. A party whose case is founded entirely on weak evidential basis eventually loses the case. There are basically two broad types of judicial systems, that is one system is based on a jury system whereas the other system is purely based on a magistrate system. The jury system is mostly practiced in the United States whereas the magistrate system is in other commonwealth countries led by the United Kingdom. The role of these two institutions when it comes to evidence is quite diverse. Given the fact that both these offices are based on the need to have a final habiter on each court case, evidence becomes the only means through which a case can be determined especially in cases where the law is clear. This essay will examine the role of each given the fact that burden of proof is usually the basis around which every case is determined. In a jury system, a selection of individuals is randomly selected from the population and their views based on the evidence and the law will determine the

Effects of technology and innovation on Pret a manager Essay

Effects of technology and innovation on Pret a manager - Essay Example Information technology plays an essential role in the unprecedented growth of retail restaurant industry. A retail restaurant industry is a segment of the business which comprises of individuals and organisation whose are mainly engaged with the selling of ready foods to the consumers. Pret a manger is one such organisation which belongs to this particular segment. The report will highlight on the areas such as the role of information technology in the retail restaurant industry as well as more specifically to the company pret a manger. Apart from this the project will also highlight on the different approaches of pret a manger in the context of sustainable development, use of IT and innovations. The report also proposes to highlight the benefits offered by information technology for different elements. Role of Information Technology in Restaurant industry In this sector the functions of Information technology and innovation is significant as it helps in the process of research and d evelopment, financial segment, product development, pricing, distribution and promotion. In other words information technology helps all the 4p’s of marketing mix. The industry plays an important role in the growth of the economy. It is one of the largest growing food types and intended for immediate consumption. The restaurant industry has some distinguishing factor within itself. The point of difference lies where some restaurants have their dedicated kitchens in their outlets while some other restaurants outlets get supply of the ready food from the factory. The industry includes members such as refreshment stands, fast food restaurants, full service restaurants, caterers and institutional food providers. Large fast food chain majorly contributes to the restaurant industry. In a recent study conducted, where it has been found that there were approximately 10 million retail restaurants available across the world. Among them most of the outlets were owned by individuals and single entities. But there are around 350 restaurants involved in chain business. The big names within this category are McDonalds, Kentucky Fried Chicken (KFC), Pizza hut, Dominos, Subway, Fingers and Del Taco, pret a manger among various other players. The noticeable foodstuffs includes pizzas, burgers, sandwiches, French fries, soups, chicken roasts, baguettes ice creams to the traditional Asian fast foods like noodles, fried rice and soups among the others. Franchise operation acts as the most vital component of this industry but some companies go for direct operation as well. The market shares of different companies are illustrated through a diagram:- Figure 1 (Source: pugetsoundoff, n.d.). Presently information technology is widely used in restaurant industry. The companies get hugely benefited through the proper execution of information system. The primary advantage of using information technology retail restaurant industry is that it gives a competitive advantage to the orga nization. The other advantage of using information technology in business lies in its capability to transmit data around the world within very less time. The industry is focusing more on IT to take advantage from it. The

Erikosonian Psychosocial Tradition And Social Identity Theory

Erikosonian Psychosocial Tradition And Social Identity Theory Several psychological theories have attempted to provide a definition of identity and an explanation of the processes that develop it. Many theorists see identity development as a means for an individual to explain the present as a bridge from the past to the future, agreeing that identity consists of both individual and social elements. This essay aims to consider the contributions and implications posed by two different associated fields of study; the Erikosonian Psychosocial tradition and Social Identity Theory. Eriksons Psycho-social method was the first identity theory to provide an explanation between our self image (psycho) and the others in the community (social). He proposed individuals must have a stable sense of core identity, as failure to do so would mean the individual may be subject to an identity crisis. This is not to say that people must never experience a conflict of interest between individual needs and social demands. In fact Erikson argued that only by the successful resolution of these normative crises is the achievement of identity possible. He went on to identify eight stages in this life-long development of identity, marked by a distinct conflict, for which successful, normative crisis resolution would result in a favourable outcome. According to Erikson, the most important conflict takes place during adolescence, the fifth psychosocial age. Here the individual re-evaluates everything that was established in childhood by enduring psychosocial moratorium. During this so cially approved period of uncertainity, the indiviual can experieent with dfferent scial roles and consquently personality, self concept and self worth, may all be altered. Psychosocial Theory is a persuasive model. It is both accessible and relevant, resulting in Erikson being highly regarded amongst psychologists. He has been described as a visionary, providing a basis for the work of James Marcia on different forms of identity. The theory is still relevant in todays modern life, due to its utility in many professional arenas [such as] clinical, theoretical and empirical (McKinney, 2001). Erikson has had a huge impact in child development, resulting in teachers, parents and counselors drawing on ideals of his to support their work. Theorists such as Mary Ainsworth, who studied attachment in infancy explained concepts similar to those of Erikson, offering credibility to his work. The approach has been useful for understanding and explaining how personality and behaviour manifest, and therefore has become a much-used tool in dealing with conflict managent and in general self-awareness. It also provides a convincing explaination for many current issues, such as bullying in school. During stage 5à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦. and current racial issues and why it can cause so much aggression and understanding of motives behind terrorism. However the theory does not go without criticism. Santrock (2004) highlights research which suggests that identity formation does not begin or end in adolescence, that the conflict is notably less dramatic than proposed, and that in fact some individuals go through their teenage years without any real problems at all. It therefore seems that erikson may have placed too much emphasis on adolescence. This maybe due to eriksons own personal experiences having an effect on his interpretation of results. His young life was fraught with problems, not least being tall and blond and living in a jewish neighbourhood, with a jewish step-family. This need for acceptance and the conflict associated with being different became important themes in his theory. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Based on field work, so reliable as in own environment; He studied combat crises in U.S. soldiers during World War II, child-rearing practices in Native American communities and soci al behavior in India. There are two basic problems with the pychosocial approach to identity. Firstly that large social group were ignored beause although Erikson believed person and social were interlinked, he treated them separately. And secondily Erikson focused on individual identities to explain how people identitfy with indivudal groups. Sit:- 700 words get down to 200! social identity theory (SIT) aims to resolve some of these problems highlighted with the pychosocial tradition, by producing a social rather than individual focus on identity, empahsising on the way we compare ourselves to others. concerned with when and why individuals identify with, and behave as part of, social groups, adopting shared attitudes. Tajfel, the founder of the theory, directly challenged the eriksons concept that group behaviour could be explained by looking at the psychology of individuals. He studied the relationships between people and proposed two separate sub-systems; Personal Identity (describing oneself as a friend or parent for example) and Social Identity (in instances such as referring to gender, race or religion). Their alternative theory suggested a distinctive level of collective psychological processes. This meant that people acted as group members as well as individuals. Their central idea was that behaviour and identity operated on a continuum based on situation, ranging from the highly individual and unique at one end (purely interpersonal), to the collective and common at the other (purely intergroup).The theorys fundamental idea is that identity is drawn from selfcatagorisation, when describing characteristics from our social group. This provides labels for ourselves, in turn provding rules for our behaviour. The category in which we place ourselves is called the ingroup. There is a sence of elitism and a tendency to exclude others; the outgroup. Tajfel research aimed to consider this discrimination between the groups, by proposing superficial differences, he split participants into inial groups and subjected the to à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦.he concluded that this was sufficient enough to generate predujices. This has been demonstrated, for instance in one example where school boys were placed in groups based on preference for abstract painters such as Klee or Kandinsky. Even using this trivial basis for grouping, and despite the fact th at the school boys didnt know who was in the groups, the boys allocated more resources towards ingroup members than outgroup members. In addition, the resources were given to other individuals in a group instead of the group as a whole, so the boys were not just giving resources to themselves out of self-interest.[13] This experiment was especially interesting because it challenged other models of intergroup interaction which are based on the idea that discrimination between groups happens because there is a clear reason for it, such as a competition for resources or a conflict of interests between the groups. Sit proposes that the reason for this discrimination is because of the need to belong to a group, taht are distinctive and have a high status, it boosts self esteem by making the other group inferior however sit argues that the resistance to this prejudice can result in some individuals seeking to iprove their status by using social obility or leaving behind their soial group. Others may attept social change, by social creativietly, a redefition of the group or through social competition, actively dmenading alternative social ideas in regard to a particular group. People dont like being in the out goup; so one answer is Moving to another group, but requires social mobility to be practicable. For instance, this may be viable in the case of social class or a job, but not so much in groups based on race or gender for example. Social mobility is at the individualistic end of the social behaviour continuum suggested by social identity theory.At the other end of the continuum, group level strategies focus on direct competition. But for this to be possible, there needs to be a belief that change is genuinely possible as well as desirable. In addition, group members need to perceive the current relationships with other groups to be unjustified.Finally, if neither of the above two options are viable, members of groups wishing to change their status may decide to compare themselves using different criteria where they compare more favourably, or focus on comparisons with a different group compared to whom they fare better. People can also choose to redef ine the negative elements of their group identity, or even redefine the group identity itself. These actions are not as effective as the others described above, but do allow group members to contend in a small way with the undesirable current perception of their group. Good bits Attepts to explain prejudies and self esteem, where erikson did not. Self-categorization theory grew from Tajfel and Turners early work on social identity. It is a development of social identity theory, specifically in the part of the relationship between group behaviour and self-concept that describes the social cognitive processes that create social identity effects. The theory describes how people define themselves at a group level but also at an individual level.[4][15] It considers group and individual identities to be at different levels of self-categorization, and more distinct from each other than social identity theory does. For instance, individuals can have several different group identities (e.g. gender, occupation, or nationality) and also several different individual identities depending on context (e.g. how someone considers themself as a male or how they consider themselves compared to their colleagues at work).[16][17] This concept of a hierarchy of different identities replaced the continuum in social identity theory, and allowed an individual an unlimited range of identities based on context.[18] The salience of a particular group identity is based on how accessible a categorization is to an individual, and how well it fits the social context (e.g. bearing in mind what the individual wants to achieve with their behaviour, or what they did last time they were in the situation). For instance, when discussing political issues in a conversation, nationality may become more salient.[19] Bad triviualise issues such as diability Ethical ? Labtest unreliable? Can results be applied to real life stuations. Some criritces cos it trear groups as indivudals (see bx on pg 66) Conclusion:- Although Eriksons theory of identity development is widely cited, other theories provide important knowledge about identity and its development. However Eriksons work is as relevant today as when he first outlined his original theory, in fact given the modern pressures on society, family and relationships and the quest for personal development and fulfilment his ideas are probably more relevant now than ever. Erikson was keen to improve the way children and young people are taught and nurtured, and it would be appropriate for his ideas to be more widely known and used in day-to-day life, beyond the clinical and counselling professions. Eriksons psychosocial theory is. As with any concept there are critics, but generally Eriksons theory is considered fundamentally significant. Erikson was a psychoanalyst and also a humanitarian. So his theory is useful far beyond psychoanalysis its useful for any application involving personal awareness and development of oneself or others. Social learning theories expand the constructs of self concept and self worth as the basis of self description in late childhood. Cognitive development theory describes the age-related processes leading to a childs limitation before adolescence and competence during adolescence for establishing identity. Researchers investigating Eriksons theory of identity development have provided important modifications to the theory.

The Idealization of Women is Responsible for Tragic

Throughout history, women’s place and role in society has changed. Women are often seen as a lower status and have a need to be taken care of by men. There are conflicts with the idealization of women as they are often overlooked and viewed as secondary characters. This idealization is well established in the characters of Desdemona in Othello and Daisy in The Great Gatsby. In F.Scott Fitzgerald’s novel The Great Gatsby and Shakespeare‘s play Othello, Desdemona and Daisy are both responsible for their tragedies due to the manipulation and impact of the outsiders, their loss of innocence, and their vulnerability as women. The outsiders, Tom and Iago become influential puppeteers, as Daisy and Desdemona are their puppets. Their influences on each of the female protagonists, results in inevitable tragedy. In Othello, the antagonist Iago has a strong bitter hatred towards Othello. He envies that fact that Cassio is chosen to be lieutenant over him. In response, he resorts to manipulation and trickery to make Othello regret his decision. Desdemona is immensely affected by Iago’s plan because this leads to her tragic death. Iago manipulates Desdemona through other characters. An example of this can be seen through his wife, Emilia. Iago believes women â€Å"are pictures out of doors† (Shakespeare.2.1.121) and are more like workers than wives. Emilia is part of Iago’s scheme, as she is one of the closest people to Desdemona. Emilia has no idea what Iago is plotting until the very end. She is oblivious to Iago’s plan and it results in Desdemona’s death. Like Desdemona and Emilia, Daisy is also heavily influenced through other characters as well. Tom uses other characters to make an impact on Daisy and this can be seen through his altercation... ...lay weaknesses that make them too vulnerable for other characters to take advantage of. This vulnerability sends both Daisy and Desdemona through a never-ending fall towards their fate. Othello and The Great Gatsby, are the perfect exemplars of how an ideal innocent women, can face undoubtedly tragic fates. Despite much strength in their characters, both Daisy and Desdemona exhibit the vulnerability of their innocence, the ability for others to take advantage of them, and glaring weaknesses. They are unaware of their surroundings, which lead to questionable actions. Their inevitable tragedies occur because of how each character dealt with these situations placed in front of them. All in all, Daisy and Desdemona are responsible for their tragedies because they are women placed in unfamiliar positions and are unable to deal with situations placed in front of them.

Mte 506 Observation Analysis

Classroom Observation Analysis Research Paper Della Armstrong University of Phoenix/MTE 506 November 12, 2012 Kathleen Sherbon Classroom Observation Analysis Research Paper Education theory can either be descriptive like the sciences or normative like in philosophy. Education theory postulates what education processes are supposed to consist of; it sets the standards, norms, and goals in carrying out an education process. The scientific education theory gives a set of hypotheses, which have to be experimented and verified.The two approaches have produced two broad categories of education theories, which are the functionalist’s theory of education arising from the Sociological perspective of education and the behaviorist theory of education from the psychology of education. I will conduct an observation Analysis in an Elementary classroom to observed teachers and students as they work using the education theory. Introduction Many instructional approaches exist that have been de veloped to reach more students. Teachers have to select the instructional approaches that work best for students.These approaches have been tested and researched from various theoretical perspectives. An education theory is the speculative thought or education and just like any other theory, it explains, guides, and describes the practices of education. The earliest speculation on educational processes began during the times of classical sophists Greek philosophers. Current education speculations use terms like and rogogy, curriculum, learning pedagogy, education organization, leadership, and policy. Education thought is derived from various disciplines like, philosophy, sociology, critical theory, psychology, and history among others.This paper will discuss five topics based on the best education theory to be applied in the classroom setting with focus on two education theories postulated by Gardner and Sternberg. This paper will also address information processing by students, beh aviors of teachers to promote thinking, implications of language development on learning and teaching, and on the relationship between the emotional and social development on student behavior and learning. On November 10, 2012, I went to Park Elementary/Middle School and conduct an Analysis Observation with a first grade teacher (Mrs. C. Turner). There were twenty students in this class.The ratio was consisted of 12 girls to 8 boys. All of the children were African American except two of the students. There were two white girls in this class. This school is placed on academic probation because the school did not do well on their school performance test. This school has an â€Å"F† because too many children failed the ILEAP Test. My reason for choosing this school is because I wanted to know why this school was not improving on their school performance and test scores. The observation was conducted in Mrs. Turner’s class. Mrs. Turner teaching grade first; I observed two subjects (English and Spelling) on that they.Evaluate the Application of Educational Theories in the Classroom Setting Which Educational Theories Were Employed? There seems to be a continuum of intelligence and ending with Gardner’s multiple intelligences (Bee & Boyd, 2010). The standard IQ test only measures the intellectual and academic dimensions of intelligence and Gardner’s multiple intelligences proposes eight separate domains of intelligence each with their strategies for measurement. On this continuum the teacher went so far as to employ the precepts of Sternberg’s triadic theory of intelligence, but not so far as to try and cover Gardner’s Multiple Intelligences.I observed the class on Friday, so it was test day. There was a language comprehension test and a spelling test. Both tests specifically gauge intellectual ability to the absence of any type of measure about practical or creative intelligence. However, after the tests the students were a sked to color, cut out, and paste a large pumpkin to their folders (creative), and then the teacher had a story time where the class talked about the dangers of lightning (practical). Which Educational Theories Could Have Been Used to Better Enhance Instruction and Learning?As per Gardner’s multiple intelligences, the naturalistic and intrapersonal aspects of intelligence were those that were addressed the least in the class I observed. The class is almost entirely indoors-only having outside time at the playground-so there no time to develop the ability to recognize patterns in nature. I think the teacher tries to compensate by covering activities that invoice nature themes, such as the lightning worksheet, but there is only so much of nature that can be studied in the air conditioning, under fluorescent lights.Also, there was very little development of intrapersonal intelligence. The teacher mostly relied on consequences as a means to control behavior rarely trying to devel op the personal strengths and goals of the students. I also believed that the teacher could have used constructivism; to better enhance instruction and learning. Constructivism is â€Å"that learning is meaning, it is reflecting on experienced† (Educational Theories, November 2012). Mrs. Turner could have enhanced lesson to incorporate real life connections to the students to make it meaningful for them.Also, she could have had students predict what was going to happen next in the story. The teacher could have asked the students who were the main characters in the story. What do they think the title is going to be about? How do they think the story is going to end? How practical is the Application of Educational Theories in the Classroom? I think that the application of Sternberg’s tri-archaic theory is extremely practical. Public School already attempts to cover all three domains of intelligence through the use of band, athletics, music, art, workshop, and work-study programs.I think that some of the areas of Gardner’s multiple intelligences might be outside the prevue of public education, such as naturalistic intelligence or intrapersonal intelligence. Both of these areas of intelligence require a large investment of time to develop properly and require special circumstance to be implemented adequately. For instance, a naturalistic education would in clue a lot of time in nature itself, which goes again the classroom environment of current-day education. Also, intrapersonal development requires quite a bit of alone time to think, which is not readily available in a classroom environment of current-day education.Also, Intrapersonal development requires quite a bit of alone time to think, which is readily available in a classroom setting. Also, it is very practical to apply educational theories in the classroom like constructivism, behaviorism, and the social learning theory. A teacher can use a combination of educational theories in a cla ssroom. The teacher can build upon the student’s knowledge and emphasize problem solving and the teacher can also use the Social Learning Theory with modeling. The teacher can model the behavior to the student and use positive and negative reinforcements with behaviorism.Even though, the teacher did use Gardner’s Multiple Intelligence in the classroom. Gardener’s theory â€Å"has eight domains of intelligence† (Linguistics Logical, Spatial, Bodily Kinesthetic, Musical, Interpersonal, intrapersonal, and Naturalistic) according to Bee and Boyd, (2010). The different types of intelligence can be used in daily lessons throughout the day. Describe The Application of Information Processing to Student Learning? How Does Theory of Information Processing Apply to Student Learning?There appear to be two forces at work when discussing the application of information processing: 1) innate ability; 2) acquired knowledge (Bee & Boyd, 2010). So, a large volume of acquire d knowledge can compensate for a lower IQ but only to a point. An expert with a higher IQ; will still performance better than an expert with a middle or low IQ. As this applies to student learning, children with lower IQ, and therefore less effective and efficient strategies for processing information must acquire a largely body of information on a given subject before they can perform as well on testing as students who have higher IQs.How Does the Classroom Environment Affect Information Processing and Learning for Adolescents? Information processing theory also explains that, â€Å"children are born with some basic, in born cognitive strategies [that] change during the early years of life, with more complex ones emerging and old, ones being used more flexibly† (Bee & Boyd, 2010. p. 197). The text goes on to explain that as adolescents engage more in a particular activity, say building blocks, they develop more complex and efficient ways of accomplishing their creative goals .The classroom environment should foster development of these complex cognitive strategies. There needs to be a repetitive assortment of tasks that are geared towards building the same cognitive strategies, such as when a spelling word is studied by writing it, reading it, putting it in a sentence, drawing a picture of it, defining it, and then acting it out. In this way repetition can bread cognitive development. Compare Adolescent Student Learning in a Social Environment and on Educational Environment. Which are More Conducive to attention and Memory?Willingham (2007) makes it clear that attention is a finite, cognitive resource that can only process a limited amount of information at a time. In particular, it is important to realize that refractory period exists between the firing of neurons during which no new attention stimuli can be chosen. In social situations there is usually more than one stimulus competing for the attention of and individual; whereas, in a classroom attent ion is directed to one stimulus-the teacher. This would seem to dictate the educational environments are more conducive to attention than social situations.Furthermore, Willingham posits that secondary memory is encoding, stored, and retrieved along semantic lines. As this pertains to adolescent student learning, it is important for new information to be connected new to pre-existing information. Rote memorization is not as effective as learning information through rhymes or saying or through stories, since all of these involve connecting new information to existing information. Social situations would seem to have the upper hand here, since the social environment provides a context for learning that builds upon existing peer relationships and shared experience.Whereas some of this is presented in the classroom setting it is between the teacher and the students, but only to a lesser degree. Evaluate Teacher Behaviors That Promote Student’s Thinking Abilities What Teacher Beha viors Did You Observe That Facilitated Student Comprehension and Reasoning? There was one activity in Particular that I think facilitated student reasoning: the teacher held two objects in each hand and asked the class which one weighed the more. The teacher would then put the objects on each side of a scale and find out which one was heavier.Then the class would hypothesize about why they were wrong or right. This teaches students that objective information can be determined quite separate from subjective opinions and estimations. Estimations are only useful as long as scientific instrumentation is not present to determine objective facts. On the subject of comprehension, they took a comprehension, test. It was apparently design to measure grammatical and spelling skills. It was a list of sentences with a blank and multiple choice answers. The students had to read the sentence and decide which word best fit-in- the blank.I was astonished that the exercise had several trick question s and questions that could have two possible answers. I believed the teacher designer of the sheet was trying to teach the students how to think, rather than how to find the right answer. Why Did These Teachers Behaviors Positively Affect Students’ Thinking Abilities? Both of these activities were designed to cause the students to think. When I was in school teachers were concerned with how to teach us to get the right answer. We had just started state standardized tests and we had learned a lot of multiple choice strategies.However, in the class I observed there were many times multiple right answers and the teacher didn’t just want to know the right answer she wanted to know how the students got the right answer. The weight questions were particularly positive, since it forced the children to confront their deficits in conservation with scientifically determinable facts. This lesson translates into all kinds of cognitive advancements: different height glasses can hav e the same amount of water (volume) and different sized objects can have the same weight (density). Which Teacher Behaviors Impeded Student Comprehension and Reasoning?The spelling test was, I believed, the least productive. It was based on the rote memorization model of learning, in that the student had to hear the word and write it on a piece of paper. Some students do not learn this way and do not regurgitate information this way. There are children that are audio learners and they should be allowed to recite the spelling of the word. Some of the students had a very hard time writing the spelling, words, not because they didn’t know the word, but because they have a hard time translating the audible letters of the word into the written letters of the word.Why Did The Teacher Behaviors Negatively Affect Students’ Thinking Abilities? The teacher behaviors negatively affect students’ thinking abilities because the students wanted to get a 100% on their spelling test to be able to get a prize out of the prize box. This auditory/visual deficiency also speaks to the inverted-relationship between stimulation and performance. As stimulation increases (social pressure, teacher pressure, and peer pressure to make a good grade on the test), so performance on the test increases; however, there is a cutoff beyond which simulation begins to effect performance negatively.The students were motivated to get a 100% on their spelling test, because their teacher added increase pressure by adding a reward to the performance on the test. This affected the grades on their spelling test making the students to perform negatively, since the stimulation was too much for these students. Analyze The Implications of Language Development Affect Teaching? How Does Delayed Language Development Affect Teaching? â€Å"Delayed language development seems to be the result of a defect in fast-mapping processes and a poor receptive language† (Bee& Boyd, 2010).As with m any other types of cognitive development component to language assimilation, acquisition they have. In the case of school education, this would mean that persistent reading can compensate for any biologically or environmentally caused deficits in language development can be used of phonic approach that translates specific letters into sounds and vice-versa. Since poor language learners have a problem with letter- sound combinations, this approach should overcome that obstacle. Lastly, it is paramount that the reading program for the students be flexible and responsive to the student’s linguistic needs.If pa phonic approach is not working well, then maybe a reading comprehension-learning the words as part of phrase or sentence-approach would work better. How Does Language Development Affect Learning in Children And Adolescents? The systematic and explicit phonics approach to language instruction stipulates â€Å"that the lessons should move from simple words to more complex w ords in an explicit manner that emphasizes the letter-sound correspondence† (Bee & Boyd, 2010). On the other hand, the whole langrage approach seeks to teach language through the meaning and context of the word rather than the actual structure of the word.This avenue tries does not explicitly teach letter-sound correspondence unless the student has specific questions about how the sound work. Last, the balanced approach to language learning pursues a bi-lateral means of instruction, making use of both of the systematic and the whole language approach. They argue that it is important to develop a love of reading in children through the efficient uses of phonics. Language development has a large impact on reading comprehension. After all, the meaning of a complex sentence cannot be derived without first understanding the subsidiary words and grammar of the sentence.Moreover, reading comprehension helps with writing abilities of the students as well. Conclusion Finally, the five topics based on education theory have been explained and the teacher and the students were observed; and I believed that educational theories were conducted in Mrs. Turner’s second grade class. References Bee, H. , & Body, D. (2010). The developing child (12th ed. ) Boston, MA: Allyn & Bacon. Education Theories. http://crescentok. com/staff/jaskew/isr/education/theories. htm. Retrieved November 10, 2012. Willingham, D. T. (2007). Cognition: The thinking animal. New York, NY: Pearson Prentice Hall.

Social Media Overview

Social Media Overview Social media has become an important tool in the current society. They provide means through which people can share information in a societal set up with the help of internet connection using such devices as phones and computers. Facebook, YouTube and Tweeter are the three most common types of social media.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Social Media Overview specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Facebook has attracted massive number of people from all corners of the world. With the increased sophistication in the field of technology, most phones became internet enabled just to allow users to access Facebook. Personal computers also became cheaper. Other social media such of YouTube and Tweeter also became common and very popular. Facebook has the highest number of subscribers of all the social networks. According to Mandiberg (2012), Facebook has attracted massive number of youths, especially given the fact that it allo ws an individual to reach out for friends or family members whose contacts could have disappeared. Facebook is estimated to have a fan base of about one billion people. To be a member, an individual will have to sign up for an account. In most of the cases, one would sign up using the e-mail address. Once an individual has an account, he will need to invite friends who already have accounts with Facebook. This results into a community where information can be shared. A user will have a ‘wall’ in the Facebook. In this wall, an individual can post information that will reach all the confirmed friends. These friends can comment on the communication made by the individual. This media allows users to send and receive messages from ‘friends’ using a specified number of characters. The fact that an individual can chat with two or more friends simultaneously has made it very popular. An individual can also send a message to the intended recipient if the recipient i s not online. Tweeter is another social media that has gained fame in the last half a decade. Just like Facebook, for one to be on Tweeter, he or she will need to sign up. The individual will need to create an account with Tweeter using his or her identifications. After signing up for an account (always starting with @), the individual can invite friends. One can then be free to start tweeting with friends on this site. The messages sent through this site are called tweets. Just like in Facebook, one can only share message on Tweeter with another individual who has a tweeter account. It will therefore, require an individual to have a number of friends signed up on this account in order to make communication possible.Advertising Looking for essay on communications media? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More YouTube is another very popular social media both to firms and general public. Like Facebook, YouTube allows users t o share information online. The main difference between Facebook and YouTube is that through YouTube, an individual can share heavy graphics such as a video (Sterne, 2010). Facebook and Tweeter cannot support audiovisuals. However, YouTube offers its users ability to share or watch video or songs online. YouTube is a little different from both Tweeter and Facebook in its usage. Although one may use YouTube to share a text message, it is always more appropriate for audio visuals. For an individual to share a video through YouTube there will be need for the individual to sign up for an account with YouTube. This is mostly done using the Gmail address. However, once an individual posts a piece of information, it can be accessed by anyone online, including those without an account. If the video is intended for a specific individual, then the recipients will also need to have a YouTube account to receive the specific video. Advantages and Disadvantages of Social Media Advantages of Socia l Media The following are some of the advantages of social media. Facebook and Tweeter allow users to share information in form of texts. Through Facebook and Tweeter, one can trace an individual whose contact one had lost. YouTube allows t one to access a video or any information on YouTube without having an account with it. In various countries around the world, YouTube is growing in popularity and this increases the volume of information to be shared. It is advantageous to companies because they can develop television commercials showing the beauty of their products to attract customers as is the case with Coca Cola and Apple. To the youth, YouTube is one of the best sites for entertainment. Disadvantages of Social Media Social media are addictive and can prevent one from performing critical duties in life. The site can be use to defame an individual or a firm, as was the case with Domino’s Pizza. Some of the information on the social sites is corruptive, especially to the minds of youths and children. The Effect of a Person Knowing Advantages and Disadvantages of Social Media It is always important for an individual to know the consequences of an item he or she uses. When an individual knows the advantages and disadvantages of the social media, the main reaction will be discretion. An individual will be discrete with the information he or she releases to the social media because it can easily leak to the public and damage his or her image. References Mandiberg, M. (2012). The social media reader. New York: New York University Press. Sterne, J. (2010). Social media metrics: How to measure and optimize your marketing investment. Hoboken: John Wiley.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Social Media Overview specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More

Compliance cars are only produced to meet California mandate.

Compliance cars are only produced to meet California mandate. Let’s say you’re a Honda fan. Your father bought Hondas and you naturally followed. Now let’s say that you are interested in an electric vehicle (EV), and you know Honda has an electric version of the Fit hatchback. But, unless you live in California, Connecticut, Maryland, Massachusetts, New Jersey, New York or Oregon you can’t just waltz into your local Honda dealer for a test drive. Here’s why. A California Mandate Yes, the Left Coast is the reason that some electric vehicles are only available in a few states, and in some cases just one or two states. In 2012, the California Air Resource Board (CARB) mandated that automakers that sell at least 60,000 vehicles a year in the state - Chrysler (now Fiat Chrysler), Ford, General Motors, Honda, Nissan, and Toyota - must sell zero emissions vehicles (ZEVs) using the formula of 0.79 percent of their total California sales. Next year the number is bumped to three percent. Under the regulation, failure to meet the numbers would result in losing the ability to sell any vehicle in California. Thus, the Chevrolet Spark EV, Ford Focus EV, Fiat 500e, Honda Fit EV and Toyota RAV4 EV were born. They are called compliance cars because they are designed and engineered specifically to comply with the CARB requirements and allow the automakers to continue selling cars in the state.   Of the six biggest car companies, Nissan avoided the â€Å"compliance car† moniker with its Leaf electric vehicle that debuted in late 2011. It not only meets the CARB sales number requirements, but it also exceeds it. Plus, the Leaf is the top selling battery-electric powered vehicle across the U.S. Tesla is relieved from the CARB mandate, even though it sells roughly 1,000 Model S electric cars per month in the U.S., because of its small overall California sales numbers. Other States Sign On Under federal law, other states are allowed to adopt California’s emissions rules even if they are more strict than federal regulations. At this point, the District of Columbia and ten states have signed on to follow the Golden State’s lead with ZEV requirements of their own. They are Connecticut, Maine, Maryland, Massachusetts, New Jersey, New Mexico, New York, Oregon, Rhode Island, and Vermont. Now you know why Honda Fit EV availability is limited to seven states. And the other compliance cars? Chevrolet’s Spark EV and the Fiat 500e are both available in California and Oregon. The Toyota RAV4 EV, the lone electric sport-utility vehicle, is a California-only availability. RAV4 production will cease sometime this year as Toyota is betting on fuel cell vehicles. Lastly, sales of Ford’s Focus EV started in California but can be purchased at select dealers in 48 states. Oh, by the way, if you do live in a state where the Fit EV is available, you can’t buy one. Honda, for some reason, will only lease the car. And, like Toyota, Honda believes future ZEVs will be hydrogen fuel cell powered and will discontinue the compliance Fit EV next year. But Wait, There’s More As you might suspect, there’s more to this ZEV mandate thing than just engineering and hopefully selling enough compliance vehicles to satisfy CARB regulators. Since it’s not likely that Fiat Chrysler, Ford, GM, Honda, and Toyota can sell enough vehicles to meet the quotas, there is a way for these automakers to stay in the good graces of the state. Under the regulations, a certain number of credits are earned by every automaker for each zero emission vehicle they make. A ZEV is not limited to vehicles that use an electric-drive powertrain and rechargeable batteries. Included are electric-drive vehicles that employ a fuel cell to produce electricity onboard from compressed hydrogen gas fuel in an electrochemical process. A lesser credit amount is also given to plug-in gasoline-electric hybrid vehicles based on the amount of electric power provided. To date, the biggest winner in this credit derby is Tesla. How so? Well, credits awarded can be sold to carmakers that didn’t earn enough credits selling their compliance cars. Tesla has collected a very large number of ZEV credits, and in turn, has sold them for a very handsome sum of money. Buying these credits has allowed GM, Fiat Chrysler, and the others to continue to sell conventionally-fueled vehicles in the state. More Compliance Cars to Come In 2017, new requirements will be implemented. In addition to the six car companies affected by the current plan, BMW, Hyundai and its Kia subsidiary, Mazda, Mercedes-Benz, and Volkswagen along with its Audi unit also will be included under the new rules. But rather than waiting until 2017, these companies are getting a jump start. First out of the gate is BMW with its i3, the lightest and perhaps the quirkiest-looking electric vehicle. You can order one now in every state but expect at least a six-month wait for delivery. Electric vehicles coming later this year with limited distribution are the Kia Soul EV, the B-Class Electric Drive from Mercedes-Benz and the Volkswagen E-Golf. Hyundai is going a different route to meet the CARB mandate with its Tucson Fuel Cell.  It is arriving now at a select few California dealerships and is available with a lease only. There are also two EVs on the market that are not affected by California’s regulations. The Mitsubishi I-MiEV and the Smart Electric Drive have been on sale for a couple of years, although Smart has a small number of U.S. dealerships. And of course, Nissan’s Leaf and Tesla’s Model S are available nationwide. By the end of 2014, even with the addition of the cars from BMW, Mercedes, Kia and Volkswagen, the selection of electric vehicles will be very limited. Unless that is, you reside in California or one of the other states that have joined the CARB movement.

Psychology and Religion Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Psychology and Religion - Essay Example The limited death I am sensing could be opened up by the psychologists for me to understand the current position but I have already decided that this is not bad news but just an interim challenge which could hold me up for a better or a worse day. It is my intention to make this a better day not just for me but also the kids that have been given to me and society which I want to serve. A good way for me to begin this unraveling of my thoughts through the following pages is to begin with an anecdote involving two of the esteemed psychologists who have impacted the class. As an emerging psychologist Gordon Allport was desperate to meet with Sigmund Freud. When Allport arrived for the all-important meeting which has been pre arranged, Freud was seated and remained quietly seated for Gordon to begin. Having grown impatient after some time Gordon blurted out an event, which had occurred on the way. Apparently a little boy had been very upset as he was seated next to a very dirty old man. Gordon remarked that it possibly was something the little boy had learnt from his mother, who on another seat remained stoic, the picture of neatness and domination. Without considering this a passing observation, Freud understood as a deep thought process consciously or unconsciously working within Gordon, and remarked â€Å"And was that little boy you?† (Boeree) If that boy on the bus were a girl it would have been me. I felt that very restriction deep within me. It was not prohibitive when I was growing up. However when I faced with the situations of life where I felt I did not have any options, I certainly felt like a good girl seated next to dirty man, with a mother looming over. As a good catholic I believed in the seven sacraments and adhered to them as religiously as possible. My morality was also pile driven into the catholic belief of seven deadly sins in

What goals has liberalism pursued and why have they proved so Essay

What goals has liberalism pursued and why have they proved so controversial - Essay Example The ideally competitive market in economic theory, where economic representatives are fully informed and ideally rational, is a fiction. It is not in existence, nor is it even compared to, in the real economic practice.Yet this fiction influences greatly upon modern political theory. The tempting power of the ideal market grounds on its capacity to create elegant and disarmingly easy solutions to difficult problems. We can come to see, for example, how the uncoordinated activity of economic representatives can cause socially desired states of affairs (Moore 1993, 97). In much the same manner, the ideal market gets into normative political philosophy partially because it can be showed as illuminating essential values. Defenders of the market maintain we can get to know much about individual liberty, the encouragement of mutual advantage, and efficiency in the distribution of goods by studying it (Guathier 1986, 119). However, this cardinal limitation of the market for many theorists s hows its supposed insensitivity to the demands of egalitarian justice (Ashley 2003, 112). This is partly because modern market societies demonstrate a great deal of social and economic inequality. However, egalitarians have also been inclined to suppose that there is an integral flaw in the ideal of a free market society (Berkowitz 1999, 140). In traditional left-wing critiques, the market has been showed as the opponent of equality on various grounds: it results exploitation; it causes alienation; it is an enemy of genuine freedom; and it is corrosive to the bonds of community (Kautz 1995, 32). It is necessary to notice then that the leading contemporary advocates of egalitarianism, for example Ronald Dworkin (1991), violently defend the use of the ideal market as a theoretical method for the articulation of egalitarian distributive justice and liberal political morality. On the same grounds Judith Shklar's "barebones liberalism" (Whiteside 1999, 501) actually fails to justify either values she proclaimed or liberal ideals of equality. In the end of her career, Shklar made her liberalism specific and took it in an egalitarian direction. She did so by launching skeptical issues at the certainties usually used to rationalize inequalities. While defending equality she ended up making empirical and ethical affirmations that her skepticism had expelled, providing strong proof for the conclusion that skepticism alone is insufficient for creating an egalitarian politics (Tomasi 2000, 46). In this direction of her thought, Shklar defined what Isaiah Berlin calls a "plurality of values." Like Berlin's, her way of thinking affirms "the permanent possibility of inescapable conflict between values" (Berlin 1990, 80) Although Shklar in some way agreed with the liberalism of Hobbes and Locke, she doubts the premises of their arguments (Dagger 1997, 98). The problem is that real consent - as opposed to the consent imagined in tales of the social contract - is elusive (Plaw 2002, 267). The fact of the matter, Shklar (1986) suggests, is that liberalism rests on moral intuitions that are plural, vague and controversial. All along liberal universalism was an illusion. "To a large extent," she concludes, "it was European ethnocentrism and indifference to historical variety and change that made discourse relevant to all' seem plausible in the first place" (Shklar 1967, 278). The difficulties befalling her "barebones liberalism" are the same as those that debilitate the "agonistic liberalism" of theorists like Joseph Raz and Isaiah Berlin (Gottfried 1999, 211). Like Shklar, these theorists propose a defense of liberty grounded in a "radical choice between incommensurables," to use John Gray's phrase (cited in Hardin 1999, 162). This is a choice that can only be settled in political competition - rather than in a putatively rational consensus. But Gray argues convincingly that accepting value pluralism does not entail privileging a liberal political